2) can't find anything...sorry
3) here I think "Country Round" means surrounding country...I guess specifically Hobbiton and that area
4) "Land Beyond" I think just means the area beyond the Misty Mountains...it's probably capitalized just to show what a big deal it was to him
5) Probably the Westlands...Gandalf says there that they (the dwarves and Bilbo) were coming out of the Lands over West, so I think the Shire, Rivendell, etc. "Lands over West" is probably to the people of the east as "Land Beyond" is to the people of the west.
6) I dunno...
7) probably Valinor
8) The next sentence is "on this there had been an old watchpost" so I guess it was once a watchtower or something to that affect...
of course I might be way off base with all of this...
